I have extended the previous notes and linked in some pictures.
I. To make introduction more interesting it may be better
to start with the section currently under MAJOR GISCIENCE .... which defines
the importance of water resources and cites from the NRC publication
(I would remove the word increased from the bullets - its too repetitive).
Challenges to GIScience from 1st page should follow - in this way,
the introdcution will first define the problem and then define
the challenges for GIS which should help to solve the problem
II. I suggest tp reorganize the sections in MAJOR GISCIENCE CONTRIBUTIONS (this is the review of what was accomplished?) as follows:
1. New GIS data, their management and delivery
Probably the most profound progress has been made in mapping terrain
and delivery of elevation data. USGS DEMs at 90m and 30m resolution
derived from contours were the first step which stimulated the research
and development of distributed hydrologic and non-point source pollution
models and their linkage with GIS. The DEMs have been useful for large
number of applications (REF), however several difficulties were identified
requiring further improvements in interpolation techniques and tools for
producing the DEMs (ADD here already written text about ....). Currently,
new technology, represented by IFSARE and LIDAR(references) is bringing
higher level of detail and vertical accuracy to terrain mapping with horizontal
resolution higher than 10m and vertical accuracy below 1m (LIDAR can produce
1m resolution DEMs with 15cm vertical accuracy). - this allows accurate
representation of streams, information on standing water, New 30km resolution
global DEM will be available as a result of recent NASA/DOD Shuttle mission.
These new technologies are bringing new level of detail to mapping and
modeling of surface water resources to a new level of detail and realism
at local, regional and global scale supporting planning and decission making
at a hierarchy of levels (local communities, state, nation, global).
Real Time Kinetic Survey with 1inch vertical accuracy (link field -
monitoring and modeling water level distribution in fields, drainage planning
and optimization...
Climatic data
Hydrologic data - use existing text about National Hydrography
data set , national wetlands inventory
Soil data
Land cover data - role of remote sensing - multispectral sensors
and satelite platforms, archives of digital RS data allowing us to study
and understand landscape processes influencing water resources (deforestation,
urban growth etc. are well capture by RS)
access to geospatial data via Web-based GIS tools
GIS plays a crucial role in management and processing of these data
and with the inccreasing focus of GIS vendors on Internet tools, also in
distribution of these data through Internet - text on NSDI here, links
from arizona, EPA example, national wetlands inventory www.nwi.fws.gov...,
but also some commercial sites? (see Geoworld
ISIS (www.gis.uiuc.edu), prototype of distributed database - MARIS
put into challenges - effective use of RS data - extraction of useful information
2. GIS Tools interpolation watershed analysis flowtracing
3 Hydrologic modeling in area of integration SMS, GMS and WMS should be mentioned in area of ditributed models simulating 2D flow CASC2D continuous time /continuous space modeling
4. Water resource decision support systems 5. Visualization (helena rewrite)
III. USGIS Research challenges in water resource applications
Citations select fewer, add new ones
Improvements in basic science of hydrology might be improved by improvements
in GIScience: GIS had a profound impact on gaining knew knowledge in spatial
aspects of water movement through landscape (models, and RS allow us to
study amount of water at any given point at any given time within the 3D
landscape). Stimulating the study of intercations between groundwater,
overland surface flow, subsurface flow and streams and water bodies (lakes,
reservoirs, wetlands). as well as the study of impacts of local changes
on entire watersheds, especially the location of these local changes (.e.g.
where should be a wetland loacted to have the most impact, will one large
conservation area or many small ones be more effective in improving wwter
quality etc.) Improvement in GIScience, especially in handling temporal
data to support representation of spatial dynamic phenomena, very large
data sets (which will allow us to study large watersheds as systems at
high resolution) and multiscale representations, new developments of volume
data handling (getting them into mainstream) will move the hydrologic scienece
to a new level of New data will have impact on both GIS and Hydrology (LIDAR...)
Integrate distributed computing (but I would leave it there because while
GIS community may not realize it, it is extremely important for modeling,
monitoring, prediction in athmospheric, hydrologic... sciences and will
have to be captured by GIS if is going to support these) with infrastructure...
Reference to hydropedds, ISIS (www.gis.uiuc.edu), prototype of distributed database - MARIS
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I believe that we should include some refrences and probably also citations
from the material which is available on Prof. Maidment's web site. For
example GIS Hydro '99 at http://internetcity.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro99/GisHyd99.htm
shows numerous good examples of where GIS and water resources currently
is. We also need to mention the new Consortium which is designing Object
Oriented tools within GIS to better support hydrologic modeling and water
resources engineering - here are some excerpts: -----from http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/new.html-----
September 20-21, 1999: i A GIS in Water Resources Consortium has been established
by ESRI - The new object modeling concepts and GeoDatabase Model being
introduced with ArcInfo 8 need to be customized for application in water
resources. The same model will later be introduced with ArcView version
4.
Concluding paragraph 1. from lumped (spatially agregated) information
about water movement to spatio-temporal (spatially variable, dynamic) 2.
greater access for public to water resource, water quality, flood risks
information and growing economic impact of spatial and spatio-temporal
water resouirces information -------------------------------------------------------------
Text which may be used to add to or replace the existing text: ------------------------------------------------------------
Figure:
http://www2.gis.uiuc.edu:2280/modviz/ reports/cerl99/mlevels.gif
http://www2.gis.uiuc.edu:2280/modviz/ cerl98/img/cerl9827.gif
http://www2.gis.uiuc.edu:2280/modviz/ courtcreek/huslehu a uselcc20f
trends - GIS melting into the general computing infrastructure
Paper for URISA (Urban and regional infosystems association
assimilations of GIS into end-user application rather than integrating hydro with GIS gis will be part of Water resource modeling and DSS systems.
GeoWorld - Industry trends Pozri Decmeber 2000